John D Radcliff, Specializing in Interactive Technology & Education!

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WikiLeaks and P2P Networks

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“Before WikiLeaks started releasing the classified State Department cables, its content was hosted by two Swedish ISPs and another based in France. WikiLeaks added Amazon.com’s cloud server to the list earlier this month after it began releasing the documents, Cowie noted. Amazon quickly stopped hosting WikiLeaks, apparently over terms of service violations.
After Amazon’s actions, WikiLeaks began hosting the wikileaks.org domain with two different ISPs one in France, and another in Sweden, Cowie said. Then a couple of days later, WikiLeaks’ DNS provider, EveryDNS, terminated its domain name service. In response, WikiLeaks established several new country-level domains, such as wikileaks.ch in Switzerland, wikileaks.at in Austria and wikileaks.cc in Cocos Islands. It then pointed the new domains back to existing IP addresses, or began having the new domains hosted with service providers in different countries (Computer World, 2010, https://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9200481/WikiLeaks_nearly_
immune_to_takedown_says_researcher?taxonomyId=17).”

P2P Networks

Even though authorities tried to shutdown WikiLeaks, it was able to use other DNS providers and spread out further on multiple overseas internet based servers. This trend started with Napster which not only changed the music industry but which helped give rise to peer to peer networks. Napster, was the first generation of peer to peer file sharing which relied on a central based server. After the government shut down Napster, new P2P networks like Kazaa, Gnutella, and BitTorrent took Napster’s place. Just like WikiLeaks, these new P2P networks are scattered throughout the internet with no central physical place to store data. So now if a government or corporation wants to shutdown a P2P network, it is almost impossible since these new networks do not have a central location of where files are stored. So if illegal music or movies are being transmitted through several nodes and these nodes go down, then the P2P software will find other nodes to get these files from.

WikiLeaks now has a bigger presence now since the authorities shutdown some of their servers. According to James Cowie, chief technology officer at Renesys, an Internet Monitoring firm, “A total of 14 different name servers across 11 different networks today provide authoritative name services for the wikileaks.ch domain.” So now after the authorities tried to shutdown WikiLeaks, the organization mutated through the internet just like today’s P2P networks which makes it hard to find and shut down these networks. The spread of these networks are like a virus with no head and in an attempt to shutdown these networks it only causes these networks to spread. There is no head or organizational hierarchy which exists to WikiLeaks or P2P networks. These networks exist as a collective consciousness that keeps morphing without a real purpose only to reiterate that information is meant to be free and to fight against organizations that are suppressive or non-transparent.

Does WikiLeaks and P2P networks create or cause issues for other user’s on the internet?
What is the future of these P2P networks?

Can you trust online comments?

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“Taken together, these results indicate that third-party online commentary not only influences individuals’ attitudes regarding the specific target of others’ comments, but it also influences individuals’ perceptions on the attitudes of the general online community (A Networked Self, Papacharissi, 2011).”  This quote points out that people can be influenced by other people or a group of people’s comments in online communities.
A general statement is made about a business or someone then other people jump on the band wagon and support what is the most popular or the most negative opinion.  How do we know if comments made on a social networking site are legit?

An example of this is Yelp, which is a social networking, user review, and local search web site.  People can go online and rate a business which can hurt or help.  Here is what one advertiser experienced on Yelp according to a recent CNET article:
“One Yelp advertiser who asked to remain anonymous told CNET News that in his dealings with Yelp over the past few years, he had never been promised that his reviews would be manipulated. To the contrary…despite paying $750 a month for advertising services, he said, the site’s refusal to remove several negative reviews that he felt were fake pushed his business from the top ranking to No. 7 in the search results, costing him a 25 percent drop in revenue (CNET, http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10168065-93.html, 2009).”

Since people’s attitudes and comments influence other people online, this can have a dramatic effect on a business as we have seen in the above example.  It is unbelievable that someone can pay Yelp $750 a month for advertising and have manipulated reviews posted on the site which hurts the company’s online ranking.  Plus, Yelp allows people to connect and share using there Facebook accounts which means that fake comments about a business on Yelp can spread to other social networking sites.  The difficult part now is that this business will have to spend valuable resources on trying to makeup for the 25% drop in revenue due to these negative fake reviews.

antiyelp

Another example, is a dentist whose patients posted positive reviews about his clinic,
only to have them filtered out. He has over 2,000 patients and every other week one of
them writes a positive review on Yelp and none of them stay (New York Times, 2011).
According to the same New York Times article, people are paid a fee to post a positive comment about a company and others will post a negative review about their rivals on Yelp.

The problem is that the online submissions to Yelp cannot be trusted, since reputable or non reputable comments are filtered out or not by Yelp’s algorithm.  This can hurt a business and with Yelp’s filter algorihm’s not being that effective it is hurting Yelp’s reputation as well.  This can have an influence on what people think about Yelp and if the current trend continues, Yelp could be seen as a non reputable social networking site.  What does this mean for other social networking sites and could such comments on networking sites hurt a social networking site’s reputation?

New Media Ecologies?

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An example of a modern day controversial musician is a guy who goes by the name of “Girl Talk”.  Gregg Gillis, is an American musician specializing in Mashups and digital sampling. His form of music has come under a lot of scrutiny since he produces mashup style remixes by taking a dozen or more unauthorized music samples from different songs to create a new song. Since he is only sampling each song, he states that he is not violating any copyright laws. Even though the musician, Girl Talk, has been quoted by the New York Times Magazine as “a lawsuit waiting to happen” this artist does cover himself legally by giving credit to the artists he copies. Also, he distributes his music freely at http://illegal-art.net/allday/ under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial license.

Pirate Radio is the transmission of illegal or unregulated radio transmissions. Pirate Radio has most notably been from the use of sea vessels or across borders of countries who do not regulate their radio transmissions. These form of broadcasts either do not transmit a station identification or transmit a power wattage which is not at a legal limit.

The artist, Girl Talk, has creatively come up with a new type of music in the form of a mashup and now has legally been able to get away with not being prosecuted due to the way he is distributing and composing his music. Pirate Radio on the other hand clearly violates radio transmission laws and tries to skirt around it by broadcasting in countries or in open waters were the law has no reach. The way “Girl Talk” has come up with a new way of making and distributing his music makes him a new kind of radio pirate by creating a controversy over the legal creation and usage of his music.

I like what Matthew Fuller states in his book Media Ecology on Page 41 which is, “Standard formation and nonstandard uses create a recursive cycle that is always ongoing but never entirely predictable.”
This quote from Fuller clearly shows how media can take different forms and be used in non standard ways like music mashups or illegal radio transmissions. Media is always changing and never predictable as in the case of Girl Talk. It is a unique transformation in media to see someone mashup music, create a controversy, and stay legal unlike radio pirates who clearly violate transmission laws.

Another example of this controversy is the ability to download free applications from the internet (e.g. Audio Hijack Pro and Sound Tap) and use these applications to record professional musicians music from YouTube. This is a fairly new technique that most people do not know about which means people can get there music for free from YouTube without having to pay for it. What about if more and more people new about this technique? Would this create a new controversy and would it be legal since people are just using this captured music for their own personal use?

Also, what other types of radio or music pirates will develop as technology in society continues to evolve? Will technology continue to push the legal boundaries of most countries to the point of making illegal transmissions legal?

Ghost Map And Viral Media

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Ghost Map discusses the outbreak of Collara during the 1850’s In England. In this discussion, the book dives into the way the disease was transmitted, the lives it affected, and the advances in medicine it helped to bring about. Dr. Snow, who was a practicing doctor during this time period, made great discoveries in anesthesia and came up with the theory of how Collara spread during 1851 in London, England. Cholera is caused by contaminated water or food.

People who were living in the Lambeth region of London, were living in very tight and unsanitary conditions. There were 40 people living in a one room apartment and when people had to throw out there trash or waste, it was thrown into the sewage systems of London which connected to the cities drinking water supply. After John Snow’s death, England’s parliament finally dealt with the issue by constructing a sewage system which was largely operational by 1865. Later on, in 1866 another out break of Cholera claimed which claimed 4,000 people’s lives. The cause of the disease was traced to the East London water company who contaminated a nearby groundwater supply due to negligent practices.

When something in the media goes viral, it can contain a lot of these similar traits as the spread of the disease Cholera did in London. When something goes viral, it has an incident that takes place, then a catalyst or carrier, then a result. Take for example the fire fighter first responder who recorded Dayna Kempson-Schacht’s death on his cell phone then passing this video onto another unknown firefighter who walks into a local bar and texted it to other patrons. After that, the video spread until her parents received a copy of the video. The accident of this young girl was the incident that took place, then a firefighter was the carrier, and the people in the bar were the drinking water supply that spread the video which lead to the original firefighter who shot the video to get suspended. The source and spread of this video is similar to how the disease Cholera spread in England during 1851.

The same issues of finding the cause of a viral media video like what happened with the girl in the auto accident are the same which happened with the outbreak of Cholera. The source of the disease and how it was spreading is what had the medical community of that day confused and guessing on why this outbreak was occurring. Then the social and political issues around the incident make things complicated in people wanting to prove that there theory or reasoning is right which can cost lives. With the incident of Cholera in England, finding the source of the disease was imperative in order to stop the spread of the disease and save lives. With the girl in the car crash, more then one person could be found as the cause for the spread of the video and the certain questions can arise from both of these incidents. What about the issue of finding other sources of transmission from the spread of a disease or video and holding everyone accountable who caused the spread?

How are phone services changing?

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        The internet has developed new communication tools which has had a growing effect on the way we communicate.  For example, instead of people having a landline, now people have cell phones with them all the time.  People are not just making calls, they are now texting, using social media tools, blogging, VOIP applications, etc.  In the "grand narrative of modernity, the Internet is an efficient tool of communication, advancing the goals of its users, who are understood as preconstituted instrumental identities" (Poster 1997, 205-6). 

        This quote from the reading of HyperCyberDemocracy reveals how people are using the internet to communicate and express themselves in whatever way seems fit.  So how does this have an effect on charging for communications?   According to the Florida Public Service Commission, Verizon, AT&T and CenturyLink, the biggest telephone landline providers in Florida, lost approximately one million subscribers in 2009.  Many consumers in the Florida area cut spending in 2009 by curbing telecommunications services.  The PSC released its annual report on the Status of Communications in the Telecommunications Industry to the Florida Legislature today. It shows many consumers cut spending in 2009 by curbing telecommunications services. 

Landline

        Companies like Metro Cellular and Google who provide unlimited or free services are the catalysts behind this decline.  For example, Metro PCS, a cell phone service provider, gives people unlimited talk and text for only $49.99.  It would not make sense for someone to pay by the minute on a landline or through another cellular provider when you can get a better deal through Metro PCS.  Google has several free services when it comes to online communications. 

        Google  provides a free service called "Google Voice", which allows a person to get a free phone number, voicemail, text to e-mail, block/screen callers, establish conference calls, and much more! 
The question is how do you compete with unlimited usage or free services?

        The way most of these companies have adpated to this change is to embrace it.  All of the major carriers like AT&T and Verizon have been offering bundled digital media packages called the triple play.  The "triple play" consists of internet, television, and phone for one monthly price.  They are also competing in the cell phone market which has been growing by significantly.  The solution to this consumer driven market is to charge people for access, instead of charging for usage fees. 

        The ability for a person to communicate has become more then just talking, it is evolving into digital communications between devices with people expressing themselves in a whole new way.  This is the main cause of the shift in communications were people now have the tools to communicate in so many different forms that the consumer is changing the market, which is changing the phone companies service offerings. 

 

About You

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        I have dedicated this blog to many things, several being how people are affected in the information age and how to effectively live in it.  Below are several things I look at in
One thing I discuss are how the laws in the digital world affect the way people live and how they can protect their digital work.  People need to know that once they expose their digital ideas to the public that it can be easily captured, manipulated and reproduced.  It is important for people to know how to get their message out to the world and still protect themselves at the same time.  

        One series I started is called “Living in the Urban Jungle”, which shares my experiences and resources of how to acquire food, entertainment, clothing, music and other life necessities for free or at a inexpensive price in a city environment.  The internet and wireless communications are two areas that in my assessment have allowed people and resources to become highly accessible.  This is important to know in since the traditional way of acquiring resources or interacting with people has significantly changed.

    My overall commitment is contributing to people through education so that people can develop themselves and become prosperous in this world!

Books

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I am working on a book entitled “Living in the Urban Jungle” which will be made into an online course very soon!  The book is about how to acquire resources in an urban environment by using technology and social interactions!  We dive deep into multiple topics on money, social groups, bartering, internet, cellphones, and much, much, more!